IP ADDRESS
===========
- This a logical address which is consisting of 32 bit.
- This address is been divided into four parts each of 8 bits
- The four parts of the IP address is 8.8.8.8 separated by .
If all bits are 0
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
0.0.0.0
If all bits are 1
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
255.255.255.255
Depending on their range the ip address is divided into five different classes.
1.Class A 2.Class B 3.Class C 4.Class D 5.Class E
Class A
==========
This class A IP address have
Network Bits :8 bits
Host bits :24 bits
[A Network can be termed as Street number and Host bits can be termed as house number]
Range
=======
0xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
if x=0
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
0.0.0.0
if x=1
01111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
127.255.255.255
Private IP Address
==================
Private ip address are used in the lan network. These ip we no need to pay for that.
The range for these private IP is
10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
Public IP Address
=================
Public ip address are used in the wan network.For these ip we need to pay for that.
The range for these public ip is
1.0.0.0-9.255.255.255
11.0.0.0-126.255.255.255
Exceptional IP
================
127.0.0.0-127.255.255.255
These ip address is loop back address.This IP is used for local system checking. That is protocol stack checking.
0.0.0.0- Global Network ID
Subnet Mask
===========
Subnet mask basically show how many network portions are available in your ip address.
Subnet mask for class A is :255.0.0.0
So here 255 -11111111
That means in class A ip first portion is the network portion and other three are host portions.
Network
==========
2 ^ (n-k) -2 => 2 ^ (8-1) -2 => 2 ^ 7 -2 =126
Host
=======
2 ^ 24 -2 => 16777216 -2 =>1,67,77214
Class B
==========
This class A IP address have
Network Bits :16 bits
Host bits :16 bits
[A Network can be termed as Street number and Host bits can be termed as house number]
Range
=======
10xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
if x=0
10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
128.0.0.0
if x=1
10111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
191.255.255.255
Private IP Address
==================
Private ip address are used in the lan network. These ip we no need to pay for that.
The range for these private IP is
172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
Public IP Address
=================
Public ip address are used in the wan network.For these ip we need to pay for that.
The range for these public ip is
128.0.0.0-172.15.255.255
172.32.0.0-191.255.255.255
Network
==========
2 ^ (n-k) => 2 ^ (16-2) => 2 ^ 14 =16384
Host
=======
2 ^ 16 -2 => 65536-2 => 65534
Class C
==========
This class C IP address have
Network Bits :24 bits
Host bits :8 bits
[A Network can be termed as Street number and Host bits can be termed as house number]
Range
=======
110xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
if x=0
11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
192.0.0.0
if x=1
11011111.11111111.11111111.11111111
223.255.255.255
Private IP Address
==================
Private ip address are used in the lan network. These ip we no need to pay for that.
The range for these private IP is
192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
Public IP Address
=================
Public ip address are used in the wan network.For these ip we need to pay for that.
The range for these public ip is
192.0.0.0-192.167.255.255
192.169.0.0-223.255.255.255
Network
==========
2 ^ (n-k) => 2 ^ (24-3) => 2 ^ 21 =20,97,152
Host
=======
2 ^ 8 -2 => 256-2 => 254
Subnet Mask
===========
Subnet mask basically show how many network portions are available in your ip address.
Subnet mask for class C is :255.255.255.0
So here 255.255.255 -11111111.11111111.11111111
Class D
===========
The Class D ip address is used for multicasting.
The range of these ip address are
224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255
we can't assign these ip address in normal host.
These ip address are used for OSPF and video conferencing.
Class E
=======
The class E Ip address is used for strictly research purpose
The range of these ip address are
240.0.0.0-255.255.255.255
==============================================================
IP address can be assigned to the system in three different ways
1. Manual Assignment
2. DHCP
3. APIPA- Automatic Private IP Address
1.Manual Assignment
====================
In a manual assignment
Click on Start->Control Panel ->Click on Network Connection->Right Click on Lan Connection ->Properties -> Select TCP/IP ->Click on properties -> Enter the IP Address.
2.DHCP
============
In dhcp we can assign the ip address to the system dynamically.Here a win-2003 or a router can act as dhcp server and there the administrator can configure the pool for dhcp.Then the other client system can get the dhcp ip address.
In dhcp there are four phases which are
D-Discover -Client discovers the dhcp message
O-Offer - The server will offer the dhcp service
R-Request - Client request for ip
A-Acknowledge -Server will acknowledge with the ip
APIPA
===========
when a system ask for dhcp server to have an ip but if dhcp server is down. Then the system itself will assign the ip address.That ip address is called APIPA.
The range of the IP address is 169.254.0.0-169.254.255.255
DNS
========
Domain Naming Service.
This service basically resolutes name to IP.
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